Solar energy is abundantly available in certain areas of the Moon, but it cannot always be harvested consistently due to the long lunar nights and extreme temperature fluctuations. As a result, scientists are exploring nuclear energy as an alternative to solar power. Researchers have presented a conceptual design for a radioisotope power system that utilizes plutonium-238 (Pu-238), which could be employed to power spacecraft and cargo ships on the Moon, reports Interesting Engineering.
Radioisotope power systems using plutonium-238 are crucial for spacecraft operating in areas where solar energy is insufficient. This development is part of the PULSAR consortium, which is funded by Euratom (the European Atomic Energy Community).
According to scientists, radioisotope power systems generate electricity from the natural decay of isotopes such as plutonium-238, providing a reliable power source for devices operating under harsh conditions on the Moon. The radioisotope power system being developed by PULSAR employs two Stirling engines to convert the heat released during the decay of plutonium-238 into electricity.
Existing nuclear generators require a significant amount of fuel and are bulky, which increases the launch weight. PULSAR aims to enhance efficiency and reduce size and weight by utilizing an advanced Stirling engine in its radioisotope power system.
This system is designed to provide between 100 and 500 watts of electrical power. This output power is specifically tailored to meet the needs of a lunar rover or cargo ship operating on the Moon.
The challenging conditions on the Moon make nuclear energy a critical component of lunar missions. Given that a lunar night lasts for 14 days, it is impossible to consistently harness solar energy. In the polar regions of the Moon, there are areas that do not receive sunlight at all.
According to scientists, this development lays the groundwork for the implementation of the European lunar lander project Argonaut, which is expected to launch to the Moon in about five years. The PULSAR consortium aims to establish European production of plutonium-238 and related technologies. Currently, Europe relies on external sources for this plutonium isotope.