Parasite turns flowers into brothels: researchers discover the unique ability of phytoplasma.

Researchers have uncovered a new dimension of the cunning survival and reproduction strategy of the parasitic bacterium phytoplasma, which has taken on the role of a matchmaker. The study revealed how this parasite, which manipulates its hosts, uniquely selects mates for their visitors, as reported by eLife.

Known for transforming its host plants into sterile "zombies," phytoplasma employs the SAP54 protein to manipulate the biology of its hosts, altering flower structures into leaf-like formations. Initially, it was believed that phytoplasma attracted its insect vectors, known as grasshoppers; however, new data suggests that these transformations are not essential for drawing in these insects.

The research, published in the journal eLife and conducted by Zygmunt Orłowski and his colleagues, analyzed genetically modified plants producing SAP54 to observe their interactions with grasshoppers. The team discovered that female grasshoppers were particularly attracted to the plants when male grasshoppers were present. This attraction was further heightened by the suppression of the plants' natural defenses through SAP54, creating an ideal breeding environment.

This behavior aids the parasite in its plans, increasing the population of grasshoppers capable of transmitting phytoplasma to new host plants. The process relies on a plant protein known as Short Vegetative Phase (SVP). SAP54 disrupts SVP, enhancing the appeal of female grasshoppers in the presence of males. Notably, SVP has traditionally been associated with regulating flowering and developmental processes, making its role in this ecological manipulation crucial.

By altering SVP levels, SAP54 effectively turns plants into tools that promote grasshopper reproduction and the spread of the bacterium. This discovery highlights the complexity of ecological interactions among plants, insects, and pathogens. It has shown scientists how a single protein can influence the behavior of different species—ranging from suppressing plant defenses to altering insect mating dynamics.

The results obtained by the authors pave the way for innovative approaches to combat diseases in crops caused by phytoplasmas, potentially alleviating significant agricultural losses they cause worldwide.

The global impact of phytoplasma diseases transmitted by grasshoppers is substantial. For instance, they lead to reduced yields of key crops like rice and sugarcane, resulting in annual losses amounting to billions of dollars.

Advancements in biocontrol strategies based on findings from such studies open up prospects for sustainable agriculture and food security, which is especially important in the context of global warming, according to the authors.

This material is for informational purposes only and does not contain advice that may affect your health. If you are experiencing issues, please consult a specialist.